Companies and policymakers are pushing to increase domestic processing of rare-earth and other critical minerals used in weapons and advanced technologies, amid concern that China controls key stages of the supply chain. In Exeter, New Hampshire, Phoenix Tailings operates a refinery that processes mining waste stored in large bags by using electrolysis to separate critical elements from residual materials. The facility is described as a potential contributor to reducing China’s “chokehold” on the processing of critical minerals, an area the U.S. has been viewed as weak in the broader mines-to-magnets pipeline. Plans discussed in reporting include building additional capacity through a new factory that would expand separation and metallization capabilities. The proposed timeline is about 14 to 18 months, supported by a $500 million Pentagon loan, according to one outlet. The urgency is framed in part by munitions drawdowns related to the war in the Middle East, where rapid replenishment can depend on reliable access to critical minerals that are used in widely fielded U.S. weapons systems.