Multiple reports say scientists warn that dog mounting does not always indicate sexual intent. The outlets describe that dogs may mount people, other dogs, or objects such as toys for several reasons beyond reproduction. In addition to sexual behavior, the reports state that dogs can mount due to factors linked to excitement and stress, including over-arousal during play or interaction. They also note that mounting can function as a form of social signaling or communication, and may occur when a dog seeks attention or reacts to unfamiliar situations. The reports emphasize that mounting can be embarrassing for owners but is often part of broader canine behavior rather than a guarantee of sexual motivation. The exact mix of causes can vary by context, including the dog’s behavior before and after mounting and the environment in which it happens.