A new paper argues that astrobiology faces an upcoming “statistical crisis” as next-generation space telescopes search for signs of life on exoplanets. The discussion centers on a core problem in observational astronomy: drawing definitive conclusions requires large sample sizes. However, planets that actually host alien life are expected to be rare, and the number of confirmed life-bearing targets is likely to remain small for the foreseeable future. The paper also emphasizes that even when researchers identify atmospheric or spectral signals that could be interpreted as biological, it can be difficult to rule out alternative explanations from non-biological processes. That uncertainty means the statistical confidence needed to distinguish life-related signals from false positives may be hard to achieve without many more observations. The argument is presented as a theoretical framework, drawing attention to the limits of inference when both the prevalence of the phenomenon and the ability to exclude confounding causes are constrained. The analysis appears as an arXiv preprint by David Kipping of Columbia University.